The article deals with the issues of the state of soil fertility in the serozem and desert zones of the Republic of Uzbekistan, provides the results of research on the application of agricultural technology aimed at improving the basic properties of the soil, enriching it with organic matter and plant nutrients, and increasing the productivity of cotton crops. The developed and applied agricultural technologies for improving the properties of soils in the serozem zone and modifying them for soils in the desert zone, as well as for soils subject to secondary salinization, are described.